āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϪ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻž āĻŽāĻŖāĻŋāĻĒ⧁āϰ⧀ āĻ āĻžāϰ⧇ āφāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻž āĻ…āĻ§ā§āϝāĻžā§ŸāĻšāĻžāύ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āϰāĻŋāĻ•

Bishnupriya Manipuri Prefixes (Upasarga) & Suffixes (Anusarga)

This article is based on and elaborated from the book
“BISHNUPRIYA MANIPURI BYAKARANA
(Grammar in Bishnupriya Manipuri Language),
Mathura Singha” by Uttam Singha.

Guide: 'u' as in put, 'ei' as in play, 'g' is always hard.

Understanding Prefixes (Upasarga)

In Bishnupriya Manipuri, a Prefix is a small word-part added to the beginning of a root word to change its meaning or make it more specific.

Prefix (Romanized) Original Script Meaning/Usage Examples
Pra āĻĒā§āϰ Greatness / Clarity Pragati (Progress)
Para āĻĒāϰāĻž Opposite / Reverse Parajay (Defeat)
Apa āĻ…āĻĒ Bad / Downward Apaman (Insult)
Dur āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§ Difficult / Evil Durjan (Bad person)
Su āϏ⧁ Good / Well Sukhyaati (Fame)
Tatsama (Sanskrit) Prefixes: These are 20 in total (āĻĒā§āϰ, āĻĒāϰāĻž, āĻ…āĻĒ, āϏāĻŽā§, āĻ…āύ⧁, āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§, āĻ…āĻŦ, āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§, āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋ, āĻŦāĻŋ, āĻ…āϧāĻŋ, āϏ⧁, āύāĻŋ, āĻ‰ā§Ž, āĻ…āϤāĻŋ, āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ, āĻĒāϰāĻŋ, āĻ…āĻĒāĻŋ, āωāĻĒ, āφ). They are used for formal or complex words.
Prefix Romanization English Meaning / Usage Examples
āĻĒā§āϰ Pra Superior, Clear, or Intelligent āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ (Prakash), āĻĒā§āϰāĻœā§āĻžāĻž (Pragya), āĻĒā§āϰāĻ—āϤāĻŋ (Pragati)
āĻĒāϰāĻž Para Opposite or Against āĻĒāϰāĻžāϜ⧟ (Parajay), āĻĒāϰāĻžāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ (Parakram)
āĻ…āĻĒ Apa Downward or Opposite āĻ…āĻĒāϝāĻļ (Apayash), āĻ…āĻĒāĻŽāĻžāύ (Apaman), āĻ…āĻĒāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ (Apabad)
āϏāĻŽā§ Sam Harmony, Together, or Complete āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāύ (Samman), āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻĻāϰ (Samadar), āϏāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁āĻˇā§āϟ (Santushta)
āĻ…āύ⧁ Anu After, Likeness, or Behind āĻ…āύ⧁āϰ⧂āĻĒ (Anurup), āĻ…āύ⧁āϕ⧂āϞ (Anukul), āĻ…āύ⧁āϤāĻžāĻĒ (Anutap)
āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§ Nir Outside, Absence, or Certainty āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧟ (Nirday), āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻœā§€āĻŦ (Nirjib), āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϰ (Nirakar)
āĻ…āĻŦ Aba Scorn, Beneath, or Downward āĻ…āĻŦāĻšā§‡āϤāύ (Abachetan), āĻ…āĻŦāĻ•ā§āώ⧟ (Abakhay), āĻ…āĻŦāϰ⧋āϧ (Abarodh)
āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§ Dur Bad, Base/Low, or Difficult āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āϜāύ (Durjan), āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻ—āĻŽ (Durgam), āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āϜ⧟ (Durjay)
āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋ Abhi Praise, Progress, or Towards āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāύ (Abhinandan), āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻœā§āĻž (Abhigya), āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāύ (Abhiman)
āĻŦāĻŋ Bi Special, Outside, or Change āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ (Bishesh), āĻŦāĻŋāĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϤ (Bikhata), āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ (Bigyan)
āĻ…āϧāĻŋ Adhi Authority, More, or Above āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ (Adhikar), āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ (Adhin), āĻ…āϧ⧀āĻļā§āĻŦāϰ (Adhishwar)
āϏ⧁ Su Praise, Good, or Auspicious āϏ⧁āϜāύ (Sujan), āϏ⧁āϝāĻļ (Suyash), āϏ⧁āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϤāĻŋ (Sukhyati)
āύāĻŋ Ni Scorn, Lack, Inside, or Below āύāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύ (Nibedan), āύāĻŋāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ (Niyukta), āύāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϏ (Nibas)
āĻ‰ā§Ž Ut Upward, Progress, or High āωāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāϰ (Uddhar), āωāĻœā§āĻœā§āĻŦāϞ (Ujjwal), āωāĻšā§āϚāĻžāϰāĻŖ (Uccharan)
āĻ…āϤāĻŋ Ati Superior or Excessive āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāϚāĻžāϰ (Atyachar), āĻ…āϤāĻŋāĻŦ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ (Atibrishti), āĻ…āϤāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦ (Atimanab)
āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ Prati Opposite or Equality/Each āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻļā§‹āϧ (Pratishodh), āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϕ⧂āϞ (Pratikul), āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ (Pratibad)
āĻĒāϰāĻŋ Pari Fully, All around, Completion āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ (Paribartan), āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ (Parishkar), āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻŖ (Pariman)
āĻ…āĻĒāĻŋ Api Addition, Even, or Hidden āĻ…āĻĒāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻšāĻŋāϤāĻŋ (Apinihiti), āĻ…āĻĒāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ (Apidhan)
āωāĻĒ Upa Near, Secondary, or Small āωāĻĒāϕ⧂āϞ (Upakul), āωāĻĒāĻ—ā§āϰāĻš (Upagraha), āωāĻĒāĻŦāύ (Upaban)
āφ A Up to, Limit, or Slightly āφāĻœā§€āĻŦāύ (Ajiban), āφāĻĻāĻžāύ (Adan), āφāϰāĻ•ā§āϤ (Arakta)

Native Bishnupriya Prefixes

Unlike the Sanskrit-derived ones above, these are unique to the native tongue:

āωāĻĒāϏāĻ°ā§āĻ— (Prefix) Romanization English Meaning / Usage āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ (Examples)
āĻ… A Absence / Lack of / Not āĻ…āĻŦāϞāĻž (Abala), āĻ…āϜāĻžāύāĻž (Ajana), āĻ…āϖ⧁āĻļā§€ (Akhushi)
āφ A None / Absence āφāĻ•āĻžāϞ (Akal), āφāϏāϞāĻĒāĻž (Asalpa)
āφ A Good / Excellent / Superior āφāϟāχāĻĒāĻž (Ataipa), āφāϚ⧌āĻĒāĻž (Achoupa), āφāϤāĻžāĻ‚āĻĒāĻž (Atangpa)
āĻŦ⧇ Be None / Lack of āĻŦ⧇āϤāĻžāϞ (Betal), āĻŦ⧇āĻšāĻžāϞ (Behal), āĻŦ⧈āĻ āĻ• (Baithak)
āύāĻŋ Ni None / End of āύāĻŋāĻĻāĻžāύ (Nidan)
āĻŦ⧇āĻŽā§ Bem None / Without āĻŦ⧇āĻŽāϤāĻžāϞ/āĻŦ⧇āĻ‚āϤāĻžāϞ (Bemtal/Bengtal)
āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽā§ Bim Special / Specific sense āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽāĻŦ⧁āϞāĻž (Dizziness)
āĻšā§‡ He None / Absence āĻšā§‡āĻŽāĻžāύ (Heman - without pride/honor)
āĻšā§‡ He At that time / Since then āĻšā§‡āĻŦ⧇āϞāĻž (Hebela - at that time)
āĻšā§‡āĻ•ā§ Hek Stubbornness / Insistence āĻšā§‡āĻ•āϠ⧇āϞāĻž (Hekthela), āĻšā§‡āĻ•āϜāϞ (Hekjal)
āĻšā§‡āĻŽ Hem Inferior / Bad / Low quality āĻšā§‡āĻŽā§āĻŦ⧇āϰāĻž (Hembera - one with low intelligence)

2 (a) - Common Suffixes (Anusarga)

These function like English prepositions (with, for, like) but come after the noun.

Suffix (āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻ°ā§āĻ—) English Meaning / Use Example Sentence (Bishnupriya Manipuri) English Translation of Example
āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡ (Kaje) For / For the sake of āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻĻ⧁āϰāĻŋāϤāĻž āφāĻ•āĻ—ā§ˆā§ŸāĻž āĻšāĻžāϰāύāĻžāĻĒ⧇āχāϞāĻžāĨ¤ (- āĻ—ā§€āϤāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŽā§€) No one understood who I was weeping for? (-Gitiswami)
āĻ•āĻž āĻŦ⧁āϞāĻŋ⧟āĻž (Ka bulia) For / Because of āϤāϰāĻ•āĻž āĻŦ⧁āϞāĻŋ⧟āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāϭ⧁āϞāĻžāĻ—āĨ¤ (āĻ āχāĻ— - āĻŽāĻĻāύāĻŽā§‹āĻšāύ āĻŽā§āĻ–ā§‹āĻĒāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻžā§Ÿ) I am wandering for your sake. (Thoigo - Madanmohan Mukherjee)
āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ (Sale) For / In favor of āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āϰ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āύāĻŋāϜāϰ āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāύāĻžāύāĻŋāĨ¤ One should not harm oneself for the sake of others.
āϏāĻžāĻĻ⧇ (Sade) Like / Similar to āϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĻ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁ āĻĻ⧁āĻ— āĻ¸ā§ā§ąā§ŸāĻž āύ⧇āχāĨ¤ There are no two people like him (he is unique).
āĻĄā§‡āĻ•āĻŋ (Deki) Like / As āϤāϰ āĻĄā§‡āĻ•āĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āϤ⧇ āύāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻšā§‡āϏ⧁āĨ¤ I haven't seen anyone like you.
āύāĻžā§ŸāĻž (Naya) Without āϤāĻž āύāĻžā§ŸāĻž āĻŽāϰāϤāĻž āύāĻžāϰāĨ¤ (I) cannot survive without him.
More ..
More ..
More ..
Post-position Romanization Usage / Meaning Example Sentence English Translation
āϤ⧁āϞ/āϤ⧁āύ Tul' / Tun' With āĻŦāĻŋāύāϤāĻžāϰ āϤ⧁āϞ āϝāĻžāĻ—āĻž; āϤ⧇āχ āϝāϤāĻŋāύāϰ āϤ⧁āύ āφāχāϞāĻŋāĨ¤ Go with Vinta; she came with Jatin..
āĻšā§ā§ąāĻž Chuba About/Aprox. āφāĻšā§Œāϰ āĻšā§ā§ąāĻž āĻ–āϰāϚ āĻ…āχāϤāχāĨ¤ It will cost about a hundred rupees.
āĻ•āϰ⧇ Kare How āĻ•āĻŋāϏāĻžāĻĻ⧇ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āϤ⧁āϞ āĻĻ⧇āĻšāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧌āϤāĻž! How will I meet him!
āĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡ Maje In / Amidst āĻāϞāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡ āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āĻĒāĻĻā§€ āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāύāĨ¤ Among songs, Draupadi is difficult.
āϞāϗ⧇ Lage With āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ āϞāϗ⧇ āĻ•ā§ŒāϞāĻŋ āύāĻžāĻ•āϰāĻŋāϏāĨ¤ Do not quarrel with people.
āϜāĻŋāϙ⧇ * Jinge The Emphatic/Exclamatory āϤāĻžāχ āϜāĻŋāϙ⧇, āĻ•āϤāĻŋ āϠ⧇āĻ•āĻž āύ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻž āϟāϟāϰāĻžāϰāϤāĻž! He is talking even needlessly!
āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž Chhara Without / Except āϤāĻž āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āϕ⧁āύāĻ—āχ āĻāĻšāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ¨ā§ā§ąāĻžāϰāϤāĻžāχāĨ¤ Who else but him can do this.
āĻŽāĻžāϟāĻŋāĻ• Matik Worthy āĻŽāϤāĻŋāϰ āύāĻžāϰāĻ— āĻŦāĻžāĻ–āĻžāύāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϟāĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤ āĻļāĻšā§€āύāϰ āϖ⧇āϞāĻž āĻšā§‡āχāϞ āĻŽāĻžāϟāĻŋāĻ•! Moti's voice is worth praising! Sachin's game is worth watching!
āĻ•āϰ⧇, āĻ•āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž Kare, Kariya Having done (Participial) āĻāϏāĻžāĻĻ⧇ āĻ•āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāĻšāĻžāύ āϜāĻŦāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇āĻ˛ā§āϞāĻžāϤāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāϏāĻžāĻĻ⧇ āĻ•āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻž āϤāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāύ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāύ⧇ āĻĄāĻžāĻ™āϰ āĻ…āχāϞ (Both words are used in the same sentence with the same meaning.) Having done so, the problem became serious. This is how he grew up day by day.
āĻĒ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻž Peya Up to / Until āφāϜāĻŋ āĻĒ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻž āϤāϰ āĻĒāĻĨāĻ—āĻĻ⧇ āĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āφāϏ⧁āĨ¤ Until today, I am waiting on his path.
*In Bishnupriya Manipuri, the suffix (or AnusargaāϜāĻŋāϙ⧇ (jinge) is a versatile particle that primarily functions in two ways: as a marker of comparison and as an emphatic particle.
1. The Comparative Use (Than/From)
As you noted, āϜāĻŋāϙ⧇ is most commonly used to express comparison, similar to "than" in English or "āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇" (theke) in Bengali. It indicates that one entity possesses a quality to a greater or lesser degree relative to another.
  • Example: āϤāĻž āĻŽāϰāĻžāĻ‚āϤ āϜāĻŋāϙ⧇ āĻĄāĻžāĻ™āϰ āχāϏ⧇āĨ¤
  • Translation: He is elder than me.
  • Structure: It often follows the noun/pronoun in the locative or ablative sense (āĻŽāϰāĻžāĻ‚āϤ + āϜāĻŋāϙ⧇) to establish the point of reference.
2. The Emphatic/Exclamatory Use (Even/Simply)
In your second example, the usage shifts from comparison to emphasis. Here, it acts like the English "even," "simply," or "just," often carrying a tone of disbelief, annoyance, or highlight.
  • Example: āϤāĻžāχ āϜāĻŋāϙ⧇, āĻ•āϤāĻŋ āϠ⧇āĻ•āĻž āύ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻž āϟāϟāϰāĻžāϰāϤāĻž!
  • Translation: He is talking even needlessly! (or "He is just talking for no reason at all!")
  • Nuance: In this context, āϜāĻŋāϙ⧇ emphasizes the absurdity or the extent of the action. It suggests that the person is going "beyond" what is normal or necessary. It functions similarly to the Bengali particle "āχ" or "āĻāĻŽāύāĻ•āĻŋ" depending on the sentence structure.
Summary of Functions
Function English Equivalent Bishnupriya Manipuri Context
Comparison Than Used to compare two people or things (A > B).
Emphasis Even / Just Used to highlight an action or state, often expressing emotion.
Selection Out of / Among Sometimes used to pick one from a group (e.g., "Among these, this is best").
The dual nature of āϜāĻŋāϙ⧇ is common in Indo-Aryan languages, where a word for "from/than" (like the Sanskrit yatas or Prakrit forms) evolves into a general emphatic marker to show that something stands out from the norm.

Grammar Note:
The book notes that 'āĻ›āĻžā§œāĻž' (Chhara) is a suffix borrowed from the Bengali language. Authors use it in specific contexts, but its usage is discussed as an outside influence on the native grammar.

2 (b) - The Post-positions (Parasarga)

Unlike suffixes, there are some prepositions or markers that attach to the end of a word to establish its relationship with a verb and make a meaningful, complete sentence. These are unique particles added after a word to indicate direction or relationship. Some language experts do not differentiate these prepositions from suffixes.

-Ga (āĻ—āĻž): Indicates movement away or distance.

Example: Mi jauriga (I am going away).

-Ha (āĻšāĻž): Indicates movement towards or proximity.

Example: Tei epei fouoiliga (She arrived here).

-De (āĻĻ⧇): Used to indicate "through" or "via".

Example: Ta bazarede gelga (He went via the market).

The text defines these as words that sit after a noun or pronoun to complete the relationship between words in a sentence.
Post-position Usage / Meaning Example Sentence English Translation
āĻ—āĻž (Ga) Added to roots like 'Gam' (Go) or 'Ya' (Go) āĻŽāĻŋ āϝāĻžāωāϰāĻŋāĻ—āĻž; āϤāĻž āϗ⧇āϞāĻ—āĻž I am going; He has gone
āĻšāĻž (Ha) Indicates arrival or being near āĻĒ⧇āχāϞāĻžāĻšāĻž, āĻĢā§ąāχāϞāĻšāĻž Arrived; Reached
āĻĒ⧁āϰāĻŋ (Puri) Follows the 5th case (Ablative) marker āφāχāϤāĻĒ⧁āϰāĻŋ ā§ąāĻžāϏāĻžāĻ• āĻ•āϰāϞ⧁ From today, I promise.
āĻĻ⧇ (De) Follows the 7th case (Locative) marker āϤāĻž āĻŦāĻžāϜāĻžāϰ⧇āĻĻ⧇ āϗ⧇āϞāĻ—āĻž He went towards the market.
āĻĻ⧇āĻ—āĻž (Dega) Used for emphasis or request āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāϰāĻžāĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ—āĻŋ⧟āĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ—āĻž āĻ—āĻŋāϰāĻ• Please go quickly, sir
Additional Suffixes and Particles
Bishnupriya Manipuri Post-positions (Parasarga) — Part 2
Post-position Romanization Usage / Meaning Example Sentence English Translation
āύāĻž, āĻāύāĻž Na, Ena Emphasis / Connective āĻĻāĻŋāϞ⧁āĻ— + āĻāύāĻž = āĻĻāĻŋāϞ⧁āĻ—’āύāĻžāĨ¤ Give (emphasized).
āĻ• Ka Goal / Direction āϏ⧌āĻ—āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžā§Ž āφāĻšāĻŋāϏāĻ•āĨ¤ Please come to my child's wedding.
āϤāĻž Ta To reinforce a request or proposal āĻ•āĻžāϞāĻŋ āĻ–āĻžāύāĻŋ āφāĻšāĻŋāϏāϤāĻžāĨ¤ Please come tomorrow!
āĻ— Ga Specificity (Singular) āωāĻ— āĻŽāϰāĻ—, āĻāĻ— āϤāϰāĻ—āĨ¤ That mine, this yours.
āϕ⧁āϰāĻŋ/āĻĒ⧁āϰāĻŋ Kuri / Puri From / Since āĻĒ⧁āϰāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāϟāĻž āϕ⧁āύ āϕ⧁āύ āĻ—āĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ—āĻŋāĻĨāĻžāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ⧇ āϕ⧁āϰāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤāĻžāϰāĻžāĨ¤ From today
āύ⧇, āĻāύ⧇ Ne, Ene Instrument / With āĻŽāϰ⧇ āϰ⧁āĻĒāĻž āĻ–āĻžāύāĻŋ āĻĻ⧇’āύ⧇āĨ¤ Give me some money.
āĻŦ⧇āϞāĻž Bela Time / While āϏāĻ°ā§ āϏāĻ°ā§ āĻ–āĻž-āĻŦ⧇āϞāĻž, āĻ—āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻšāĻžāύ āφāχāϤāχāĨ¤ Eat quickly, the car will be here soon.
āύāĻžāχ Nai Negation / Not āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāϤāϰāύāĻžāχ, āĻŽāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻ¨ā§ā§ąāĻžāϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āφāϏ⧁āϤāĻžāĨ¤ He did not speak; I am unable to speak.
āύāĻž-āĻ•āĻž Na-Ka Give it / Leave it āĻĻ⧇ āύāĻž-āĻ•āĻž, āĻ–āĻžāύāĻŋ āĻ—āĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āφāχāĻ—āĻžāĨ¤ Give it, go there first.

Key Explanations from the Page 67

Common Phrases & Sentence Practice

See how Prefixes and Suffixes are used in daily conversation. Pay attention to how the root word changes.

Ti be-thik katha maturi.

āϤāĻŋ āĻŦ⧇-āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŽāĻžāϤ⧁āϰāĻŋāĨ¤

"You are saying the wrong thing."

Uses Be- (Wrong/Not) + Thik (Correct)

Ta bazare-de gel-ga.

āϤāĻž āĻŦāĻžāϜāĻžāϰ⧇-āĻĻ⧇ āϗ⧇āϞ-āĻ—āĻžāĨ¤

"He went away via the market."

Uses -de (via) and -ga (away)

Tar sade manu aga nei.

āϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĻ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁ āφāĻ— āύ⧇āχāĨ¤

"There is no one else like him."

Uses Sade (Like/Similar to)

Aji-peiya mi epei asu.

āφāϜāĻŋ-āĻĒā§‡ā§ŸāĻž āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻĒ⧇āχ āφāϏ⧁āĨ¤

"I have been here until today."

Uses Peiya (Until/Up to)

Ta ega su-jan mango.

āϤāĻž āĻāĻ— āϏ⧁-āϜāύ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āĻ—āĨ¤

"He is a very good/gentle person."

Uses Su- (Good) + Jan (Person)

⧧⧍āϤāĻŽ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āϝāĻžā§Ÿ: āωāĻĒāϏāĻ°ā§āĻ—, āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻ°ā§āĻ— āĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāϏāĻ°ā§āĻ—

ā§§. āωāĻĒāϏāĻ°ā§āĻ— (Prefix)

āϧāĻžāϤ⧁āϰ āĻŽā§āϙ⧇ āĻšā§‡āĻĒ⧟āĻž āĻ…āĻŦā§āϝ⧟ āφāĻ•āϤāĻžāχ āϧāĻžāϤ⧁āϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻĒāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāϰ āϤāĻ™āĻžāϞ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϰ āĻ” āĻ…āĻŦā§āϝ⧟ āϤāĻžāϰ⧇ āωāĻĒāϏāĻ°ā§āĻ— (Prefix) āĻŽāĻžāϤāĻžāϰāĻžāĨ¤ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āωāĻĒāϏāĻ°ā§āĻ— ⧍ā§ĻāĻ—â€” āĻĒā§āϰ, āĻĒāϰāĻž, āĻ…āĻĒ, āϏāĻŽā§, āĻ…āύ⧁, āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§, āĻ…āĻŦ, āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§, āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋ, āĻŦāĻŋ, āĻ…āϧāĻŋ, āϏ⧁, āύāĻŋ, āĻ‰ā§Ž, āĻ…āϤāĻŋ, āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ, āĻĒāϰāĻŋ, āĻ…āĻĒāĻŋ, āωāĻĒ, āφāĨ¤

āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϪ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻž āĻŽāĻŖāĻŋāĻĒ⧁āϰ⧀ āύāĻŋāϜāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āωāĻĒāϏāĻ°ā§āĻ—

āĻ… (āĻ…āĻŦ⧇āϞāĻž), āφ (āφāĻ•āĻžāϞ), āĻŦ⧇ (āĻŦ⧇āĻ āĻŋāĻ•), āύāĻŋ (āύāĻŋāĻĻāĻžāύ), āĻšā§‡āĻ• (āĻšā§‡āĻ•āĻŸā§‡āϞāĻž), āĻšā§‡āĻŽ (āĻšā§‡āĻŽā§āĻŽāϰāĻž) āφāĻĻāĻŋāĨ¤

⧍. āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻ°ā§āĻ— āĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāϏāĻ°ā§āĻ— (Suffixes)

āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧟ āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āφāϰāĻžāĻ• āĻ…āĻŦā§āϝ⧟āĻĒāĻĻ āφāĻ•āϤāĻž āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻŦāĻž āϧāĻžāϤ⧁āϰ āĻĨāĻžāĻ‚āύāĻžāĻ‚ āĻŦ⧟ āϤāĻžāϰ āϤ⧁āϞ āĻŦāĻžāϜāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒāĻĻāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧāĻšāĻžāύ āĻŦ⧁āϜāĻžāϰ, āϤāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻ°ā§āĻ— āĻŦ⧁āϞāϤāĻžāϰāĻžāĨ¤

āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻ°ā§āĻ—: āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡, āϏāĻžāϞ⧇, āϏāĻžāĻĻ⧇, āĻĄā§‡āĻ•ā§āύāĻŋ, āύāĻžā§ŸāĻž, āϤ⧁āϞ/āϤ⧁āύ, āϚ⧁āĻŦāĻž, āĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡, āϞāϗ⧇, āϜāĻŋāϙ⧇, āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž, āĻŽāĻžāϟāĻŋāĻ•, āĻĒā§‡ā§ŸāĻž āφāĻĻāĻŋāĨ¤

āĻĒāϰāϏāĻ°ā§āĻ—: āĻ—āĻž (āĻŽāĻŋ āϝāĻžāωāϰāĻŋāĻ—āĻž), āĻšāĻž (āĻĒ⧇āχāϞāĻšāĻž), āĻĒ⧁āϰāĻŋ (āφāχāĻ“āĻĒ⧁āϰāĻŋ), āĻĻ⧇ (āĻŦāĻžāϜāĻžāϰ⧇āĻĻ⧇), āĻĻ⧇āĻ—āĻž (āĻ—āĻŋ⧟āĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ—āĻž)āĨ¤

*Transcribed from the original grammar document.